The Psychological Underpinnings and Developmental Outcomes of Parenting Styles: A Systematic Review for the 21st Century

Abstract

Background: Parenting styles are a critical determinant of a child's developmental trajectory. While socio-economic and cultural factors are influential, the psychological dimensions of parenting are paramount. This systematic review aims to synthesize evidence on the psychological factors that shape parenting styles and to evaluate their impact on children's behavioral, emotional, and social outcomes.

Aim: To analyze parenting styles and synthesize a modern framework for effective parenting.

Objectives: The paper's objectives are to define core parenting styles, evaluate their impacts, identify influencing factors, examine modern challenges like digital technology, and synthesize an evidence-based framework that promotes child agency.

Methods: An extensive systematic review of the literature was conducted using major electronic databases, including Pub Med, Scopus, and Web of Science.

Results: Analysis confirms that parental psychological status, internal attachment models, and personality traits directly predict parenting approaches. The evidence robustly demonstrates that an authoritative parenting style—characterized by high warmth and balanced discipline—is consistently associated with optimal child outcomes. These include enhanced self-regulation, greater academic achievement, and superior social competence. Conversely, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful styles are correlated with a range of adverse developmental effects.