A Paradigm Shift in Indian Education: Evolution, Issues and Challenges of the National Curriculum Framework (2005–2023)

Abstract

The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) has played a significant role in shaping school education in India. The National Curriculum Framework 2005 (NCF 2005) introduced a learner-centred and constructivist approach, emphasising learning through experience, reducing curriculum burden, connecting classroom knowledge with real life, and promoting democratic and social values. The National Curriculum Framework for School Education 2023 (NCF-SE 2023), developed in accordance with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, extends this vision through competency-based education, holistic development, experiential learning, multidisciplinary education, multilingualism, vocational education, technology integration and the 5+3+3+4 curricular structure. This paper critically examines the evolution from NCF 2005 to NCF-SE 2023 and discusses the major issues and challenges in implementation. The paper follows a conceptual and document-analysis approach. The analysis suggests that although NCF-SE 2023 represents a broader and more comprehensive educational vision, its successful implementation depends on teacher preparedness, adequate infrastructure, assessment reform, availability of learning resources, digital accessibility and contextual flexibility. The paper concludes that curriculum reform must be accompanied by systemic changes in teacher education, school leadership, assessment and educational resources.